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Theologian · Contemporary

Hans Küng

1928–2021 · Liberal Catholic theology (Tübingen)

Catholic · censured Latin

Swiss priest; peritus at Vatican II; his permission to teach as a Catholic theologian was withdrawn by the CDF (15 December 1979) for denying papal infallibility; he remained a priest and died in the Church.

A brilliant young theologian whose “Justification” (1957) argued that Barth and Trent agree, and who then turned his energy against the Church's structures: “The Church” (1967), “Infallible? An Inquiry” (1970), “On Being a Christian” (1974), and in later years a “global ethic” and a defense of assisted dying. He wanted a Church without infallibility, celibacy, or a male priesthood, governed by the consensus of believers.

Why he matters: The clearest voice of the progressive “hermeneutic of rupture” and the mirror image of Lefebvre: both took the Council as a break, one to deplore and one to extend. His questions about infallibility drew the Church's best modern answers (Mysterium Ecclesiae, 1973).

Where to be careful

Denial of papal infallibility contradicts Pastor Aeternus; his Christology “from below” sits lightly to Chalcedon; his positions on women's ordination, sexual ethics and euthanasia are each contrary to definitive teaching. Read him to understand the questions, and the Magisterium for the answers.

Reading

  • On Being a Christian
    Hans Küng · His most read book; the Christology is where to be alert.
  • Infallible? An Inquiry
    Hans Küng · The book that cost him his license.
  • Mysterium Ecclesiae
    Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, 1973 · The Church's reply on infallibility and the historicity of dogma.

Documented positions

Where this thinker stands on each dispute the test covers.

Settled teaching Its center Open question Beyond teaching, not condemned Condemned error
I

God and Being · What is, and whence it is.

Can reason know that God exists? Natural theology
Fideism or agnosticism Natural theology
How is God related to the world? Creation from nothing
Pantheism or emanation Creation from nothing
Is the world governed by purpose? Providence and final causes
Chance and mechanism Providence and final causes
II

Faith, Reason and Truth · How we know, and whom we trust.

Faith and reason: who has the last word? Rationalism
Rationalism Fideism
Is truth objective? Objective truth
Relativism and pragmatism Objective truth
Who interprets revelation? Private judgment
Private judgment Living Tradition and Magisterium
How should Scripture be read? Critical reductionism
Critical reductionism Fundamentalist literalism
What is theology for? A science ordered to knowing
A science ordered to knowing A wisdom ordered to loving
Does doctrine develop? A living development
Always the same, in the same words A living development
Are the world's learning and arts a danger or a gift? A gift to be baptized
A danger: Athens has nothing to do with Jerusalem A gift to be baptized
III

The Human Person · Soul, body, freedom and the Fall.

Is there a spiritual soul? Immortal spiritual soul
Mind is brain Immortal spiritual soul
Are you free? Free will
Determinism Free will
How fallen is human nature? Basically good
Totally depraved Basically good
Marriage, sex and the body's meaning Defined by consent and identity
Given by nature and grace Defined by consent and identity
What is suffering for? An evil to be relieved
An evil to be relieved A share in the Cross
IV

The Moral Life · Law, virtue, conscience and the good.

Is morality objective and knowable? Relativism
Relativism Natural law
Why is the good good? Eternal law (intellectualism)
Divine command (voluntarism) Eternal law (intellectualism)
Are some acts always wrong? Consequentialism
Consequentialism Intrinsically evil acts
Rules or character? Morality of virtue and beatitude
Morality of obligation Morality of virtue and beatitude
What is conscience? Autonomous conscience
Autonomous conscience Conscience bound to truth
In doubtful cases Laxism
Rigorism Laxism
V

Grace and Salvation · How God saves, and whom.

How are we made right with God? Forensic imputation
Forensic imputation Infused, transforming grace
Who can be saved? Indifferentism
Strict exclusivism Indifferentism
Hell and hope All will be saved
The many are lost All will be saved
Where does your eye rest in Christ: His divinity or His humanity? The man Jesus of Nazareth
The eternal Word made flesh The man Jesus of Nazareth
VI

Church and Society · Authority, the state, wealth and the nation.

Church and state Laicism
Laicism Social kingship of Christ
The economic order Socialism
Socialism Laissez-faire capitalism
Where does authority come from? Social contract
Social contract Authority from God
Reform or tradition? Remake by reason
Remake by reason Guided by tradition
The nation and the Church Nation does not matter
Nation or race first Nation does not matter
May the state restrain false religion? Civil liberty for every religion
The confessional state: error has no rights Civil liberty for every religion
Which form of government best suits a Christian people? Democracy and participation
Monarchy and hierarchy Democracy and participation
May a Christian take up the sword? Never: the way of the Cross is nonviolence
Never: the way of the Cross is nonviolence Yes: war can be just and sometimes a duty
VII

Worship, Prayer and the Two Lungs · Liturgy, icons, the Spirit, and the See of Peter.

Liturgical development Reconstruct and innovate
Reconstruct and innovate Receive and develop organically
Icons and images Veneration of images
Iconoclasm Veneration of images
The procession of the Holy Spirit From the Father and the Son (Filioque)
From the Father through the Son From the Father and the Son (Filioque)
The office of Peter Conciliarism
Conciliarism Universal and immediate primacy
What do the sacraments do? Between
Signs only Efficacious ex opere operato
The Second Vatican Council A new beginning
Reject the Council A new beginning
When the Pope speaks Resist and judge
Resist and judge Every word binds
Holy Orders and the Church's constitution Reformable by the people
A clerical Church Reformable by the people
Should the faith take the forms of each culture it enters? The Gospel in each people's own forms
One form everywhere The Gospel in each people's own forms
What are the Eastern Catholic Churches? Sister Churches with their own rights and theology
Rites of the one Roman Church Sister Churches with their own rights and theology
Contemplation or action? Action: the apostolate and the works of mercy
Action: the apostolate and the works of mercy Contemplation: the one thing needful
Where does the Roman liturgy stand at its fullest: the old rite, the reformed, or both? The reformed rite alone
The old rite alone The reformed rite alone

A profile of your philosophical and theological leanings, measured against the settled teaching of the Catholic Church, East and West. It is a tool for examination and reading, not an instrument of judgment.

Ad maiorem Dei gloriam.