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Pope · Contemporary

Pope Francis

1936–2025 · Jesuit pastoral theology; theology of the people

Catholic Latin

Pope 2013–2025; the first Jesuit and first Latin American pope. His magisterium includes Evangelii Gaudium, Laudato Si', Amoris Laetitia, Fratelli Tutti and Dilexit Nos, and the disciplinary acts Traditionis Custodes and Fiducia Supplicans.

Jorge Mario Bergoglio brought to the papacy the Argentine “theology of the people,” Ignatian discernment and a horror of clericalism. He taught the primacy of mercy and accompaniment, the care of creation, the social friendship of all peoples, and a Church that is “a field hospital” and goes to the peripheries; he restricted the older Missal and opened the Church to synodal consultation, while repeating that a synod is not a parliament and that the Church cannot ordain women or bless same-sex unions as such.

Why he matters: He is the pontificate that the modern disputes are about. His admirers and his critics both tend to read him through the hermeneutic of rupture; his own texts cite Trent, Vatican I and Vatican II on every page and keep the moral teaching intact while changing its tone.

Reading

  • Evangelii Gaudium
    Pope Francis, 2013 · The program of the pontificate.
    Journal
  • Amoris Laetitia
    Pope Francis, 2016 · Read the whole, not only chapter 8, and read chapter 8 with Familiaris Consortio 84.
    Journal
  • Fratelli Tutti
    Pope Francis, 2020 · Social friendship, the common good and the critique of populism and liberalism alike.
    Journal
  • Laudato Si'
    Pope Francis, 2015 · Care for our common home, rooted in Genesis and St. Francis.
    Journal

Documented positions

Where this thinker stands on each dispute the test covers.

Settled teaching Its center Open question Beyond teaching, not condemned Condemned error
I

God and Being · What is, and whence it is.

Can reason know that God exists? Natural theology
Fideism or agnosticism Natural theology
How is God related to the world? Creation from nothing
Pantheism or emanation Creation from nothing
Is the world governed by purpose? Providence and final causes
Chance and mechanism Providence and final causes
How does creation speak of God? A book of signs and vestiges
Natures studied in their own right A book of signs and vestiges
II

Faith, Reason and Truth · How we know, and whom we trust.

Faith and reason: who has the last word? Fideism
Rationalism Fideism
Is truth objective? Objective truth
Relativism and pragmatism Objective truth
Who interprets revelation? Living Tradition and Magisterium
Private judgment Living Tradition and Magisterium
How should Scripture be read? Between
Critical reductionism Fundamentalist literalism
Does doctrine develop? A living development
Always the same, in the same words A living development
Are the world's learning and arts a danger or a gift? A gift to be baptized
A danger: Athens has nothing to do with Jerusalem A gift to be baptized
III

The Human Person · Soul, body, freedom and the Fall.

Is there a spiritual soul? Immortal spiritual soul
Mind is brain Immortal spiritual soul
Is the body really you? Body–soul unity
Dualism Body–soul unity
Are you free? Free will
Determinism Free will
How fallen is human nature? Basically good
Totally depraved Basically good
Does nature desire God? Natural desire for the vision of God
Pure nature Natural desire for the vision of God
The body and its desires Desire as its own law
Contempt for the flesh Desire as its own law
Person and community Collectivism
Individualism Collectivism
Marriage, sex and the body's meaning Given by nature and grace
Given by nature and grace Defined by consent and identity
What is suffering for? Between
An evil to be relieved A share in the Cross
IV

The Moral Life · Law, virtue, conscience and the good.

Is morality objective and knowable? Natural law
Relativism Natural law
Why is the good good? Eternal law (intellectualism)
Divine command (voluntarism) Eternal law (intellectualism)
Are some acts always wrong? Intrinsically evil acts
Consequentialism Intrinsically evil acts
Rules or character? Morality of virtue and beatitude
Morality of obligation Morality of virtue and beatitude
What is conscience? Conscience bound to truth
Autonomous conscience Conscience bound to truth
In doubtful cases Laxism
Rigorism Laxism
What is happiness? Beatitude in God
Earthly flourishing Beatitude in God
V

Grace and Salvation · How God saves, and whom.

How does grace move the will? Molinist
Thomist (Bañezian) Molinist
How are we made right with God? Infused, transforming grace
Forensic imputation Infused, transforming grace
Who can be saved? Indifferentism
Strict exclusivism Indifferentism
What is salvation for? Deification
Pardon and escape Deification
Hell and hope All will be saved
The many are lost All will be saved
Where does your eye rest in Christ: His divinity or His humanity? The man Jesus of Nazareth
The eternal Word made flesh The man Jesus of Nazareth
VI

Church and Society · Authority, the state, wealth and the nation.

Church and state Laicism
Laicism Social kingship of Christ
The economic order Socialism
Socialism Laissez-faire capitalism
Where does authority come from? Authority from God
Social contract Authority from God
Reform or tradition? Between
Remake by reason Guided by tradition
The nation and the Church Nation does not matter
Nation or race first Nation does not matter
May the state restrain false religion? Civil liberty for every religion
The confessional state: error has no rights Civil liberty for every religion
Which form of government best suits a Christian people? Democracy and participation
Monarchy and hierarchy Democracy and participation
May a Christian take up the sword? Never: the way of the Cross is nonviolence
Never: the way of the Cross is nonviolence Yes: war can be just and sometimes a duty
VII

Worship, Prayer and the Two Lungs · Liturgy, icons, the Spirit, and the See of Peter.

Liturgical development Reconstruct and innovate
Reconstruct and innovate Receive and develop organically
Icons and images Veneration of images
Iconoclasm Veneration of images
The way of prayer Discursive meditation
Stillness and the Jesus Prayer Discursive meditation
The procession of the Holy Spirit From the Father and the Son (Filioque)
From the Father through the Son From the Father and the Son (Filioque)
The office of Peter Universal and immediate primacy
Conciliarism Universal and immediate primacy
What do the sacraments do? Efficacious ex opere operato
Signs only Efficacious ex opere operato
The Second Vatican Council A new beginning
Reject the Council A new beginning
When the Pope speaks Every word binds
Resist and judge Every word binds
Holy Orders and the Church's constitution Between
A clerical Church Reformable by the people
Should the faith take the forms of each culture it enters? The Gospel in each people's own forms
One form everywhere The Gospel in each people's own forms
What are the Eastern Catholic Churches? Sister Churches with their own rights and theology
Rites of the one Roman Church Sister Churches with their own rights and theology
Contemplation or action? Action: the apostolate and the works of mercy
Action: the apostolate and the works of mercy Contemplation: the one thing needful
Where does the Roman liturgy stand at its fullest: the old rite, the reformed, or both? The reformed rite alone
The old rite alone The reformed rite alone

A profile of your philosophical and theological leanings, measured against the settled teaching of the Catholic Church, East and West. It is a tool for examination and reading, not an instrument of judgment.

Ad maiorem Dei gloriam.